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VOLUME 14. NUMBER 1

JANUARY 1, 1981

W81 -00001 -- W81-002S0 CODEN: SWRABW

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BOOKSTACKS- DOCUMENTS

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WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-C^/"'-"^

VOLUME 14. NUMBER 1

JANUARY 1, 1981

W81-00001 -- W81-00250 CODEN: SWRABW

SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS (SWRA) is produced by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Interior, and published twice monthly by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Department of Com- merce.

SWRA is available to Federal agencies and their contractors or grantees in water resources research upon request, citing contract or grant number and sponsoring agency. Write: Of- fice of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC 20240. The SWRA Journal is also available on subscription from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Annual subscription rates for the North American Continent are: Journal only, $100; Journal and Annual Indexes, $125; Indexes only, $50. Other addres- sees, write for prices.

Some documents abstracted in this journal can be purchased from NTIS. Price codes are given in the entries and a current code-price conversion table is printed on the outside back cover. Other documents are available from originating organizations or authors as indicated in the citation.

Notice to Subscribers

The input system within the Office of Water Research and Technology. US Department of the Interior, is un- dergoing transition. This action has temporarily reduced the number of reports available for announcement.

Volume 13. Numbers 22 and 23. and 24 arecombined in this issue.

WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS

A semimonthly publication of the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Interior

VOLUME 14. NUMBER 1

JANUARY 1, 1981

*£S£ARC* ^

The Secretary of the Interior has determined that the publication of the periodical is necessary in the transac- tion of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through August 31, 1983.

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has respon- sibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This in- cludes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration.

H/'-

PREFACE

Selected Water Resources Abstracts, a semimonthly journal, includes abstracts of current and earlier pertinent monographs, journal articles, reports, and other publication formats. These documents cover water resources as treated in the life, physical, and social sciences and the related engineering and legal aspects of the charac- teristics, supply condition, conservation, control, use, or management of water resources. Each abstract includes a full bibliographic citation and a set of descriptors which are listed in the Water Resources Thesaurus. The abstract entries are classified into 10 fields and 60 groups similar to the water resources research categories established by the Committee on Water Resources Research of the then Federal Council for Science and Technology.

Selected Water Resources Abstracts is designed to serve the scientific and technical information needs of scientists, engineers, and managers as one of

several services of the Office of Water Research and Technology. The cumlative SWRA file from 1968 and montlhy updates are available also in magnetic tape through lease from NTIS.

THE OFFICE OF WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DOES NOT PROVIDE COPIES OF DOCUMENTS ABSTRACTED IN THIS JOURNAL. Sufficient bibliographic information is given to enable readers to order the desired documents from local libraries or other sources.

Comments and suggestions concerning the contents and arrangement of this bulletin are welcome.

Office of Water Research and Technology

U.S. Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C. 20240

in

CONTENTS

SUBJECT FIELDS AND GROUPS

Please use the edge index on the back cover to locate Subject Fields and Indexes.

01 NATURE OF WATER

Includes the following Groups: Properties; Aqueous Solutions and Suspensions.

02 WATER CYCLE

Includes the following Groups: General; Precipitation; Snow, Ice, and Frost; Evaporation and Transpiration; Streamflow and Runoff; Groundwater; Water in Soils; Lakes; Water in Plants; Erosion and Sedimentation; Chemical Processes; Estuaries.

03 WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION

Includes the following Groups: Saline Water Conversion; Water Yield Improvement; Use of Water of Impaired Quality; Conservation in Domestic and Municipal Use; Conservation in Industry; Conservation in Agriculture.

04 WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

Includes the following Groups: Control of Water on the Surface; Groundwater Management; Effects on Water of Man's Nonwater Activities; Watershed Protection.

05 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION

Includes the following Groups: Identification of Pollutants; Sources of Pollution; Effects of Pollution; Waste Treatment Processes; Ultimate Disposal of Wastes; Water Treatment and Quality Alteration; Water Quality Control.

06 WATER RESOURCES PLANNING

Includes the following Groups: Techniques of Planning; Evaluation Process; Cost Allocation. Cost Sharing, Pricing/Repayment; Water Demand; Water Law and Institutions; Nonstructural Alternatives; Ecologic Impact of Water Development.

07 RESOURCES DATA

Includes the following Groups: Network Design; Data Acquisition; Evaluation, Processing and Publication.

08 ENGINEERING WORKS

Includes the following Groups: Structures; Hydraulics; Hydraulic Machinery; Soil Mechanics; Rock Mechanics and Geology; Concrete; Materials; Rapid Excavation; Fisheries Engineering.

09 MANPOWER, GRANTS, AND FACILITIES

Includes the following Groups: Education— Extramural; Education— In-House; Research Facilities; Grants, Contracts, and Research Act Allotments.

10 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Includes the following Groups: Acquisition and Processing; Reference and Retrieval; Secondary Publication and Distribution; Specialized Information Center Services; Translations; Preparation of Reviews.

SUBJECT INDEX

AUTHOR INDEX

ORGANIZATIONAL INDEX

ACCESSION NUMBER INDEX

IV

SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS

2. WATER CYCLE 2A. General

PREDICTION OF BASEFLOW FOR PIED- MONT WATERSHEDS,

Clemson Univ., SC. Water Resources Research

Inst.

T. V. Wilson, and J. T. Ligon.

Available from the National Technical Information

Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB81-1 19091,

Price codes: A04 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche.

Report No 80, November, 1979. 47 p, 14 Fig, 4

Tab, 4 Ref, 1 Append. OWRT-A-034-SC(1).

Descriptors: 'Base flow. 'Watersheds, •Mathemat- ical models, 'Forecasting, 'Excess water(Soils), Moisture uptake, Moisture content, Base runoff, Groundwater discharge, Groundwater flow, Groundwater runoff, Flow, Drainage divides, Basins, Drainage systems, Computer models, Sta- tistics, Statistical methods, Soil moisture, Model studies.

Ability to accurately predict baseflow rates under adverse weather conditions would be beneficial in systems planning for water supplies, pollution dis- persion and removal, and recreational facilities. Four Piedmont watersheds and one Sandhill wa- tershed, all unregulated flow, were selected for this study, which used a previously-developed base- flow model to estimate daily baseflow regimes for Piedmont watersheds. Two factors that appeared to give most trouble were (1) the lack of repre- sentative watershed precipitation data, and (2) the inability to use simple relationships to estimate surface runoff (which was not part of baseflow). The watersheds were divided into upper and lower zones based on the approximate depth to the water table. Using the nearest available precipitation data, estimated daily evapotranspiration rates, esti- mated surface runoff, and root zone soil moisture storage capacity, a daily soil moisture balance was used to calculate excessive soil moisture (EXSM); water assumed to contribute to saturated water storage and ultimate baseflow. All baseflow was assumed to be derived from EXSM. A simplified approach permitted the many variable watershed characteristics to do the integrating, and gave re- sults that were reasonably good estimates of base- flow. (Zielinski-IPA) W81-00197

2B. Precipitation

WEATHER FORECAST NEEDS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF HYDROLOGY,

Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Water Resources

Div.

D. M. Thomas, and T. J. Buchanan.

Available from OFSS, Box 25425, Fed. Ctr.,

Denver, CO. 80225, Paper copy $1.00, Microfiche

$3.50. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-

754, 1980. 10 p, 6 Ref.

Descriptors: 'Weather forecasting, 'Hydrology, 'Meteorology, 'Flood forecasting. Reservoir oper- ation, Reliability, Water supply, Water quality, Acid rain.

Hydrologists now depend on directly observed data in their forecasting and only infrequently use meteorological forecasts. Case studies show how reliable meteorological forecasts could be benefi- cial in flood and drought situations. Hydrologists need meteorological forecasts that recognize spa- tial variability, that are unbiased, and that have a specified degree of uncertainty. (USGS) W8 1-00070

FIELD SITE DIRECTION OF PREPARATORY OBSERVATION FOR DETERMINING EFFEC- TIVENESS OF PROGRAM OF APPLIED WEATHER MODIFICATION IN THE CANARY ISLANDS,

AIRAO, Inc., Pagosa Springs, CO. A. H. Schnell. Completion Report prepared for Water and Power

Resources Services, December 12, 1979. 85 p, 9 Ref, 3 Append. O-07-85-VOO31.

Descriptors: 'Weather modification, 'Climatolo- gy, 'Meteorological data, Cloud cover, 'Islands, Measurement, Dropwise condensation, Artificial precipitation, 'Cloud seeding, Meteorology, Precipitation(Atmospheric), Rain, Storms, Water supply, Weather, Clouds, Convections, Nucleation, Weather patterns, Radar, Instrumentation, Remote sensing, 'Canary Islands.

This report describes work conducted during the period of December 1979 through July 1980 on field site direction of preparatory observation for determining the effectiveness of a program on ap- plied weather modification in the Canary Islands. Work carried out during this period consisted of observation of small convective systems within the sea of clouds over the Canarian Archipelago, using ground-based radar and airborne instrumentation and cloud condensation nuclei counter and simple drop-recording equipment. These observations fell under a preliminary studies phase. The three basic cloud types that were identified were warm sea clouds, warm orographic clouds, and cold clouds. The limited number of case studies obtained and the numerous observations made during the course of this project seemed to suggest that, for eventual future programs of Applied Weather Modification, especially over the eastern province of the Canary Archipelago, use of materials and techniques to enhance vertical development of isolated cells should be handled with extreme caution. A number of other recommendations related to potential weather modification activities were presented. (Zielinski-IPA) W8 1-00096

STANDARD INTENSITY CURVES FOR RAIN- FALL OF SHORT DURATION (STANDAARD INTENSITEITSKROMMES VIR REENVAL VAN KORT DUURTES),

Bruinette, Kruger, and Stofberg, Johannesburg (South Africa). W. M. Van Heerden.

The Civil Engineer in South Africa (Johannes- burg), Vol 20, No 10, p 261-267, 1978. 11 Fig, 1 Tab, 12 Ref.

Descriptors: 'Rainfall intensity, 'Duration curves, 'Frequency curves, 'Classification,

Precipitation(Atmospheric), Rates, Meteorology, Precipitation intensity, Mapping, Geolographical regions, Evaluation, Time, Time series analysis, Mathematical studies, Gaging stations, Data col- lections, Rating curves, 'South Africa.

Eight sets of rain intensity-duration-return period curves applicable any place in South Africa are grouped according to intensities. The rainfall events with durations of 5 to 60 minutes, with a point value of 120 minutes, are given on the Xraxis and the intensities are given by the values on the y- axis. Rainfall data from sixty-two gaging stations can be used to establish the class of the intensity or one of the existing methods used for intensity determination may be employed. The eight classes of intensities were derived from data previously reported in the literature and the distribution of intensities in relation to duration and frequency is applicable to rainfall analysis in the U.S. and other countries. (Sidney-IPA) W8 1-00208

2C. Snow, Ice, and Frost

PRELIMINARY BATHYMETRY OF MC CARTY FIORD AND NEOGLACIAL CHANGES OF MC CARTY GLACIER, ALASKA,

Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA. Water Re- sources Div. A. Post.

Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-424, 1980. 4 Sheets.

Descriptors: 'Bathymetry, 'Glaciers, 'Alaska, 'Glacial drift, 'Icebergs, Glacial sediments, Fjords, Scour, Dating, Glaciology, Hydrography, Maps, Profiles, 'McCarty Glacier(AK), 'McCarty Fiord(AK).

Preliminary bathymetry (at 1:20,000 scale) and other scientific studies of McCarty Fiord, Alaska, Conducted by the Research Vessel Growler in 1978, showed this 15 mile-long waterway to be a narrow, deeply scoured basin enclosed by a termi- nal-moraine shoal. This valley was formerly filled by McCarty Glacier, which began a drastic retreat shortly after 1909; the glacier reached shallow water at the head of the fiord around 1960. The relative rate of retreat in deep water and on land is disclosed by the slower melting of stagnent ice left in a side valley. Soundings and profiles show the main channel to extend to a depth as great as 957 feet and to have the typical 'U' shape of a glacier- eroded valley; since the glacier's retreat, sediments have formed a nearly level deposit in the deepest part of the fiord. Old forest debris dated by carbon- 14 indicates that a neoglacial advance of the glacier began before 3,395 years B.P. (before present); by 1,500 B.P. the glacier filled most of the fiord, and before the glacier culminated its advance around 1860, two glacier-dammed lakes were formed in side valleys. (USGS) W81-00056

PRELIMINARY BATHYMETRY OF AIALAK BAY AND NEOGLACIAL CHANGES OF AIALIK AND PEDERSON GLACIERS, ALASKA,

Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA. Water Re- sources Div. A. Post.

Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-423, 1980. 1 Sheet.

Descriptors: 'Bathymetry, 'Glaciers, 'Alaska, 'Glacial drift, 'Icebergs, Glacial sediments, Fjords, Scour, Dating, Glaciology, Hydrography, Maps, Profiles, 'Aialik Bay(AK), Aialik Glacier(AK), Pederson Glacier(AK).

Preliminary bathymetry (at 1 :20,000 scale) and sci- entific studies of Aialik Bay, Alaska, by the Re- search Vessel Growler in 1978 disclose that the head of the bay consists of a deep basin enclosed by a terminal-moraine shoal. A much smaller basin, into which Aialik Glacier discharges icebergs, is located west of two islands and a submarine ridge. Comparison of 1978 soundings with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (now National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) data obtained in 1912 shows shoaling of about 64 feet in the deepest part of the small basin nearest the glacier and of about 40 feet in the large basin. The time of retreat of Aialik Glacier from the moraine bar is unknown; a faint 'trimline' is still visible in the forest on the east side of the fiord, and a carbon-14 date suggests the retreat could have taken place as recently as 1800. The time of Aialik Glcier's neoglacial ad- vance to the moraine is unknown. Pederson Gla- cier, which terminates in part in a tidal lagoon or lake, has retreated about 0.90 mile from a moraine judged by Grant and Higgins to have been in contact with the ice about 1896. (USGS) W81-00057

WATERSHED INFORMATION SYSTEM,

Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Earth

Resources.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 7B.

W8 1-00081

PRELIMINARY BATHYMETRY OF BLACK- STONE BAY AND NEOGLACIAL CHANGES OF BLACKSTONE GLACIERS, ALASKA,

Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA. Water Re- sources Div. A. Post.

Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-418, 1980. 2 Sheets.

Descriptors: 'Bathymetry, 'Glaciers, 'Alaska, •Glacial drift, 'Icebergs, Glacial sediments, Fjords, Scour, Dating, Glaciology, Hydrography, Maps, Profiles, 'Blackstone Bay(Alaska).

Preliminary bathymetry (at 1:20,000 scale) and sci- entific studies of Blackstone Bay Alaska, by the Research Vessel Growler in 1978 disclose that the head of the bay consists of two basins separated by

Field 2— WATER CYCLE

Group 2C — Snow, Ice, and Frost

Willard Island and a submarine ridge. Both basins are closed on the north by terminal-moraine bars where Blackstone Glacier and its tributaries termi- nated as recently as about A.D. 1350; a carbon-14 date of 580 years before present on Badger Point, and old trees farther up the bay, disclose that the glaciers retreated to two narrow inlets at the head of the bay before 1400. The inlets were still gla- cier-covered until at least 1909. Glaciers in both inlets have continued to retreat; at present they terminate at the head of tidewater, where they discharge small icebergs. Only relatively thin sedi- ments have accumulated in the eastern basin south of the terminal-moraine bar, and most of the bottom is hard and irregular as disclosed by sound- ings and profiles. The northern part of Blackstone Bay is very deep; at more than 1,100 feet below sea level a large, level accumulation of sediment is present which is presumably as much as 1,000 feet deep and has been accumulating since late Pleisto- cene glaciers retreated. (USGS) W81-00138

PRELIMINARY BATHYMETRY OF NORTH- WESTERN FIORD AND NEOGLACIAL CHANGES OF NORTHWESTERN GLACIER, ALASKA,

Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA. Water Re- sources Div. A. Post.

Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-414, 1980. 2 Sheets.

Descriptors: 'Bathymetry, 'Glaciers, 'Alaska, 'Glacial drift, 'Icebergs, Glacial sediments, Fjords, Scour, Dating, Glaciology, Hydrography, Maps, Profiles, 'Northwestern Glacier(AL), 'Northwestern Fiord(AL).

The first preliminary bathymetry (at 1 :20,000 scale) and other scientific investigations of Northwestern Fiord, Alaska, were conducted by the Research Vessel Growler in 1978, disclosing this 10.5-mile- long branched waterway to be a deep basin en- closed by a terminal-moraine shoal. The basin was formerly filled by Northwestern Glacier, which began a drastic retreat around 1909 and reached the head of the main arm around 1960. Soundings and profiles show the main channel to be as much as 970 feet deep and to have the typical U shape of a severely glacially eroded valley; since the gla- cier's retreat, sediments have formed nearly level deposits in the deepest reaches, while the rest of the basin has a hard, rocky bottom. Preneoglacial forest debris dated by carbon-14 indicates North- western Glacier to have advanced into the fiord prior to 1,385 years before present (B.P.); a branch glacier evidently advanced into forest 1,635 years B.P. The combined glaciers from several arms culminated on the present terminal-moraine shoal around 1894. (USGS) W81-00140

2D. Evaporation and Transpiration

WEATHER AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION STUDIES IN A SALTCEDAR THICKET, ARI- ZONA,

Geological Survey Tucson, AZ. Water Resources Div.

T. E. A. van Hylckama.

Available from Supt. of Documents, GPO, Wash- ington, DC 20402, Price, $4.00.

Descriptors: 'Evapotranspiration, 'Tamarisk, 'Phreatophytes, 'Hydrologic budget, 'Water utili- zation, Analytical techniques, Vegetation, Riparian plants, Consumptive use. Water loss, Hydrologic cycle, Environmental effects, Climatology, Soil moisture, Transpiration, Evaporation, Soil-water- plant relationships, Lysimeters, Arizona, Aerody- namic resistance, Stomatal Resistance.

It is often assumed that flood-plain and riparian vegetation transpires large quantities of water. Be- cause of the large area it occupies in the southwest- ern United States, saltcedar is especially suspected of doing so. The quantities of water transpired from small areas can be measured directly with evapotranspirometers or lysimeters, but can be de-

termined indirectly faster and more efficiently if valid correlations can be established between such readily measureable ambient inputs as radiation and windspeed and the reaction of plants to such inputs. Observations of environmental conditions and of water use by saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) were made over a 6-year period Rough estimates of water use can be made for periods of a month or longer by the use of a few simple methods involv- ing only a few ambient parameters. For precise prediction of water' use much more elaborate mea- surement and recording equipment is necessary, and aerodynamic and stomatal resistances must be taken into account. Although there may be times and locations where transpiration rates are high, there are reasons to believe that vegetation man- agement with the goal of slavaging transpiring water may often not be economically warrented (USGS) W8 1-001 57

2E. Streamflow and Runoff

METHODS OF LOW FLOW PREDICTIONS FOR SMALL GEORGIA STREAMS,

Georgia Inst., of Tech., Atlanta. J. R. Wallace, G. N. Day, W. R. Howard, Jr., and K J Wiederkhr

Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield. VA 22161 as PB81-109779, Price codes: A08 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Environmental Resources Center, Georgia Insti- tute of Technology Report, ERC 03-80, April 1980, 144 p, 55 Fig. OWRT-B-130-GA(1), 14-34- 0001-7114.

Descriptors: 'Low flow, Droughts, 'Runoff fore- casting, 'Georgia, Streams, 'Model studies, Small watersheds, Low flow predictions, Ungaged streams, Waste assimilative capacity. Watershed simulation, Precipitation models.

Low flow in Georgia streams was estimated for use in determining waste assimilative capacity, the amount of oxygen-consuming waste that can be released into a stream without violating water quality standards. Low flow data are also needed for allocation of this resource during times of scarcity. Several approaches to the analysis and prediction of low flow were examined. The first used the concept of a deterministic watershed sim- ulation model to estimate stream flow. The model developed was used to simulate six watersheds in Georgia, two in the mountains, two in the Pied- mont and two in the Coastal Plain. Simulated low flows were considerably more accurate for some watersheds than for others. Another approach was statewide estimation of low flow based on data at more than 150 continuous and partial record gaging stations. Zones with similar 7-day average low flow were outlined for different return peri- ods. The potential for using the correlation be- tween precipitation and low flow as a method for predicting low flow was investigated. It was con- cluded that stream flow-precipitation correlation methods hold promise as a technique for estimating low flows. Analysis of the techniques examined in this investigation led to the conclusion that maps showing zones of average low flow represent best currently available method for estimating low flow in Georgia streams. It is recommended that these maps be used when estimates of low flow are needed on ungaged streams. W8 1-00005

FREQUENCY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST DROUGHT IN NEW HAMPSHIRE: 1926 - 1975,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Durham.

NH.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 7B.

W8 1-00034

LIMITED CONFIDENCE IN CONFIDENCE LIMITS DERIVED BY OPERATIONAL STO- CHASTIC HYDROLOGIC MODELS ~ COM- MENTS,

Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Dept. of Environmen- tal Engineering.

J. Stedinger.

Journal of Hydrology, Vol 47, p 377-380, 1980 8

Ref. OWRT-A-085-NY(2).

Descriptors: 'Streamflow, 'Model studies, 'Syn- thetic hydrology, 'Stochastic processes, 'Statisti- cal methods, Hydrology, River forecasting, Math- ematical studies, Sampling, Probability, Statistical models. Time series analysis, Optimization, Statis- tics, Estimating, Evaluation.

The purpose of this commentary paper was to explain why the results of a study reported earlier bv Klemes and Bulu (Journal of Hydrology, Vol 42, p 9-22, 1970) demonstrating that standard pro- cedures for synthetic streamflow generation fail to generate flows which capture the likely range of the sample moments of future streamflow se- quences, should have been expected. The Klemes- Bulu study showed that, in particular, the means and standard deviations of monthly flows calculat- ed using the second, third, and fourth 25-year streamflow segments (of four 25-year segments of a 100-year streamflow record) too frequently fell outside 95% confidence intervals. Monthly stream- flow models used in the earlier study that repro- duce only between month correlations of flows in nearby months often underestimate the year-to- year correlations of annual flows, and for a given month, the variance of the difference between a sample mean and its modeled value is greater than the modeled variance of the generated means used to construct the confidence intervals. A reply pre- pared by Klemes and Bulu appears in the same issue (Journal of Hydrology, Vol 47, p 381-383, 1980). clarifying this modeling presentation ap- proach in explanation to these comments. (Zie- linski-IPA) W81-00047

AQUIFER RECHARGE FROM THE 1969 AND 1978 FLOODS IN THE MOJAVE RIVER BASIN, CALIFORNIA,

Geological Survey, Menol Park, CA. Water Re- sources Div

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 2F. W81-00052

EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE DEVELOPMENT ON BENTHIC INVERTE- BRATES IN UNDISTURBED DOWNSTREAM REACHES,

Minnesota Univ., St. Paul

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 5C.

W81-00103

CONSERVATION AND FLOW MAINTE- NANCE DURING DROUGHT,

Rutgers - The State Univ.. Brunswick. NJ Water Resources Research Inst. W. Whipple.

In: Proceedings of the Conference on Water Con- servation Needs and Implementing Strategies. July 9-13, 1979, Franklin Pierce College, Rindge. NH. p 103-116, 1979. 5 Fig, 5 Ref.

Descriptors: 'Water conservation, 'Droughts. •Flow rates. 'Environmental effects. Water policy. Planning. Urbanization. Forecasting. Water rights. Water supply. Water resources develop- ment. Runoff. Recharge. Groundwater. Hydrol- ogy

Water supply planning, water quality planning, and comprehensive basin planning are needed to prevent further erosion of environmentally neces- sary flows during periods of drought Water supply planners and managers are apt to consider the total quantity of water carried by a stream at any given time to be available for use without consideration of the maintenance of env ironmental streamflow needs. To combat this situation a com- prehensive approach is needed involving tradeoffs between reductions in customer demand, mainte- nance of environmental stream flow needs, and levels of capital investment in improv ed facilities Present Western water laws make this type of approach difficult and appropriate Eastern water laws do not exist. Too often overt conflicts are avoided by making unacknowledged over-appro-

WATER CYCLE— Field 2 Groundwater — Group 2F

priations. While the establishment of minimum flows is important, it is, however, unrealistic to insist that these flows be maintained under any conceivable conditions. Streams will recover rap- idly in most cases if they have zero flow for a few days. Extended zero flow would cause more seri- ous environmental damage. Projections of future hydrology indicate that with development total water available from surface runoff and ground supplies will increase, but more of it will be as flood flows. Natural drought flows and ground- water recharge will be reduced. These forecasts must be considered when planning for future water supplies. (See also W81-00160) (Seigler-IPA) W81-00172

THE NWS EXTENDED STREAMFLOW PRE- DICTION TECHNIQUE,

National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. D. C. Curtis, and J. C. Schaake. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Water Con- servation Needs and Implementing Strategies, July 9-13, 1979, Franklin Pierce College, Rindge, NH, p 182-195, 1979. 2 Fig, 1 Tab, 17 Ref.

Descriptors: 'Forecasting, 'Model studies, 'Math- ematical models, Streamflow forecasting, Channel flow, Routing, River forecasting, Low-flow fre- quency, Regression analysis, Droughts, Hydrolo- gic data, Hydrology, Evapotranspiration, Comput- er models.

The Extended Streamflow Prediction Model (ESP) is a stochastic dynamic model using concep- tualizations of catchment hydrology with historical data to produce probabilistic estimates of future streamflows. ESP has a more physically based approach than common regression methods through the use of the conceptual hydrologic model. ESP provides for a more complete descrip- tion of watershed physics and a probabilistic analy- sis of model outputs. The model eliminates many of the weaknesses of regression analysis type tech- niques and is more flexible. ESP utilizes data from the National Weather Service River Forecast System including mean areal precipitation, mean areal temperature, and mean areal evapotranspira- tion. There are three major hydrologic and hy- draulic computational elements, soil moisture ac- counting, snow accumulation and ablation, and channel routing. Data required other than program control and option information include hydrologi- cal model parameters, initial basin conditions, and representative future time series inputs. Two exam- ples given of the use of ESP are the California drought of 1976-1977 and the northern Virginia drought of 1977. Areas for future research include optimal state estimation, short and long term weather forecasts, model error analysis, model output analysis, and analysis of economic impact. (See also W81-0O160) (Seigler-IPA) W81-00182

PREDICTION OF BASEFLOW FOR PIED- MONT WATERSHEDS,

Clemson Univ., SC. Water Resources Research

Inst.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 2A.

W81-00197

SHIFTING LEVEL MODELLING OF HYDRO- LOGIC SERIES,

Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Civil

Engineering.

J. D. Salas, and D. C. Boes.

Advances in Water Resources, Vol 3, No 2, p 59-

63, June, 1980.

Descriptors: 'Hydrologic data, 'Computer models, 'Flow measurement, 'Time series analysis, 'Stochastic processes, Low-flow frequency, Non- uniform flow, Correlation analysis, Application methods, Simulation analysis, Rivers.

The potential use of shifting level models of time series hydrologic data is discussed, and deficit and run properties are compared with those of certain autoregressive (ARMA) models. Though still in a developmental stage, the shifting level model is better able to reproduce droughts, floods, and

other natural, abrupt shifts in streamflow for long- term historical records. Potential applications in- clude modelling the hydrology of equatorial lakes, of sea-current effects along equatorial coastlines, and hydrologic changes related to natural distur- bances such as forest fires, earthquakes, landslides and changes in land use. The model is based on a sequence of random variables whose values repre- sent the different levels of streamflow over random time spans. The correlation function of this model is composed of a low-frequency component due to the random shifts of level. When simplified, the correlation structure is identical to that of the ARMA model. In a comparison of shifting level and ARMA models, based on annual flows of the Niger River, it was found that mean maximum accumulated deficit, mean longest negative run length, and mean largest negative run sum for both models are similar. However, variances for the shifting level model are greater than the corre- sponding variances of the ARMA model. (Titus- FRC) W8 1-00207

THE ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN OF BALTIC MARINE SCIENCE,

Havsfiskelaboratoriet, Lysekil (Sweden).

B. I. Dybern.

Ambio, Vol 9, No 3-4, p 187-193, 1980.

Descriptors: 'Organizations, 'Research and devel- opment, 'Baltic Sea, Marine biology, Oceanog- raphy, Oceans, Administrative agencies, Interna- tional commissions, Water pollution control, Re- search facilities, Conferences.

International cooperative bodies which are dealing with Baltic marine problems are named and a brief description of the functions of each body is given. Bodies confined to the Baltic Sea area are the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission, Committee for the Gulf of Bothnia, Conferences of Baltic Oceanographers, Baltic Marine Biologists, and the ICES/SCOR Working Group on the Study of Pollution of the Baltic. Bodies covering a larger area than the Baltic but with sub-bodies for the Baltic are the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, International Hydrological Program of UNESCO, Council for Mutual Eco- nomic Assistance, Scientific-Technological Coop- eration Committee between Finland and the USSR, and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. The Nordic Council, Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Council for Marine Biology, Nordic Council for Physical Oceanography, Com- mission for Economic and Technological-Scientific Cooperation between Denmark and the USSR, and the Soviet-Swedish Committee on Economic, Sci- entific and Technological Cooperation have wider coverage than the Baltic but have great impact on Baltic research. About half the approximately 350 scientists (mostly biologists and oceanographers) who devote most of their time to Baltic marine science work for one or more of these bodies. Each year, there are 20-25 international meetings on the Baltic. There are about 25 marine research institutions along the Baltic coasts, and about 20 research vessels working on the sea. The author urges that the rigidity of the present structure be relaxed and many scientists allowed to give more of their time to science rather than to organization. (Baker-FRC) W8 1-00209

2F. Groundwater

AQUIFER RECHARGE FROM THE 1969 AND 1978 FLOODS IN THE MOJAVE RIVER BASIN, CALIFORNIA,

Geological Survey, Menol Park, CA. Water Re- sources Div.

A. Buono, and D. J. Lang.

Available from OFSS, Box 25425, Fed. Ctr„ Denver, CO. 80225, Paper copy $5.00, Microfiche $4.00. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-207 (WR0, April 1980. 25 p, 11 Fig, 3 Tab, 14 Ref.

Descriptors: 'Groundwater recharge, 'Floods, •California, 'Streamflow, 'Water lvels, Aquifers, Water wells, Flood recurrence interval, Precipita-

tion excess, Surface runoff, Peak dicharge, Flood damage, Hydrographs, 'Mojave River basin(CA), •San Bernardino County(CA).

The Mojave River basin, a high desert area in southwestern San Bernardino County, Calif., re- ceived 2.3 times the normal annual precipitation during the 1969 and 1978 water years. Precipita- tion in the mountainous upper part of the water- shed is the primary source of flow in the Mojave River. The resulting floods had an instantaneous peak discharge of 18,000 cubic feet per second in 1969, about 100 miles downstream, representing the maximum flood-recurrence interval in the basin of 30 years. The instantaneous peak measured during the 1978 floods at Deep Creek represented the maximum flood-recurrence interval in the basin of 20 years. A comparison of the hydrologic data for the 1969 and 1978 flood periods indicates that although more precipitation occurred in 1969, more recharge occurred in 1978. The factors that caused the greater recharge were: (1) The more evenly distributed precipitation from December 1977 to April 1978, allowing for more uniform surface-water runoff in the Mojave River; (2) the dams constructed in the upper basin after 1969 which regulated floodflow peaks and allowed more water to stay in the basin; and (3) the lower water level in the aquifer in 1978, which made more space available to store the recharge water. Total recharge resulting from the floods is estimat- ed to have been 245,000 acre-feet in the 1969 water year and 282,000 acre-feet in 1978. (USGS) W81-00052

SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF PENNELLVILLE QUADRANGLE, OSWEGO COUNTY, NEW YORK,

Geological Survey, Albany, NY. Water Resources

Div.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 7C.

W81-00055

A QUASI THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE- DIFFERENCE GROUNDWATER FLOW MOEL WITH A FIELD APPLICATION,

Maryland Geological Survey, Towson.

G. Achmad, and J. M. Weigle.

Report of Investigations No 33, 1979. 57 p, 22 Fig,

1 Tab, 19 Ref. 4 Append.

Descriptors: 'Model studies, 'Groundwater, •Flow, 'Mathematical models, 'Simulation analy- sis, Aquifers, Aquicludes, Leakage, Aquifer sys- tems, Pumping, Water level fluctuations, Observa- tion wells, Hydrographs, Maryland, Computer programs, 'Quasi three-dimensional flow, Finite difference, Worcester County(MD).

This report describes a quasi three-dimensional model which was constructed from a sequence of aquifer areal-flow equations coupled by leakage terms representing flow through the confining beds. In simulating a four-aquifer system in north- eastern Worcester County, Md., the model was able to reproduce the hydrographs of several ob- servation wells with differences of less than 1 foot for 60 percent and less than 5 feet for 95 percent of the data points. The computer program of the model is given in the appendices. (USGS) W8 1-0005 8

PLAN OF STUDY FOR THE NORTHERN AT- LANTIC COASTAL PLAIN REGIONAL AQUIFER SYSTEM ANALYSIS,

Geological Survey, Trenton, NJ. Water Resources

Div.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 6A.

W8 1-00068

FRESHWATER RESOURCES OF BIG PINE KEY, FLORIDA,

Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL. Water Re- sources Div.

For primary bibliographic entry see Field 2L. W8 1-00069

Field 2— WATER CYCLE

Group 2F — Groundwater

GROUND WATER FLOW SYSTEMS IN THE PHOSPHATE SEQUENCE, CARIBOU

COUNTY, IDAHO,

Idaho Univ., Moscow. Water Resources Research

Inst.

G. V. Winter.

Available from the National Technical Information

Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB8 1-1 13078,

Price codes: A07 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche.

Technical Report, March, 1980. 120 p, 45 Fig, 14

Tab, 32 Ref, 5 Append. OWRT-C-7651(No

7253)(5).

Descriptors: Groundwater, Groundwater availabil- ity, "Geologic control, 'Phosphates, 'Geologic formations, Subsurface waters, Idaho, Ground- water resources, 'Groundwater movement, Groundwater barriers, 'Hydrogeology, Phospho- rus, Phosphorus compounds, Geology, Ground- water basins, Hydrology, Rocks, 'Caribou County(ID).

Potential impact of phosphate mining on the hy- drogeology/hydrology of an area can only be evaluated if the capability of the formations to support groundwater flow systems is understood. A study was conducted to evaluate this capability in the study area, and to test the hypothesis that similar systems exist within the phosphate se- quence of geologic units (Dinwoody, Phosphoria, and Wells Formations) throughout a large area of the Western Phosphate Field of Caribou County, Idaho. It was concluded that the formations com- prising the phosphate sequence exhibited similar hydrogeologic characteristics throughout the study area. Support for major groundwater flow systems were noted for the upper and lower mem- bers of the Dinwoody and Wells Formations. Groundwater flow systems above the Phosphoria Formation were separated from those below the Formation, causing the upper flow systems to be local in extent and the lower flow system to be regional. Findings for the presence/absence of other groundwater flow systems were included. The groundwater information derived from this study should be transferable to other areas where this phosphate sequence is present. Minor vari- ations of the flow system characteristics may occur with variations in physical composition of the for- mations. (Zielinski-IPA) W81-0O072

A GEOCHEMICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL IN- VESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER RE- CHARGE IN THE ROSWELL BASIN OF NEW MEXICO: SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND UP- DATED LISTING OF TRITIUM DETERMINA- TIONS,

New Mexico Inst, of Mining and Technology, Socorro.

G. W. Gross, and R. N. Hoy.

Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB81-1 14647, Price codes: A07 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. Report No. 122, April 1980. 141 p, 3 Fig, 12 Ref. 1 Append. OWRT-A-055-NMEX(4).

Descriptors: 'Groundwater recharge, 'Tritium, 'Hydrologic budget, 'Basins, New Mexico, Hy- drogen radioisotopes, Deuterium, Radioactivity, Groundwater, Recharge, Natural recharge. Infil- tration rates, Inflow, Precipitation(Atmosphenc), Geochemistry, Groundwater basins, Stochastic processes, 'Roswell basin(NM), Surface-ground- water relationships.

Different approaches were used to study recharge and flow patterns in the Roswell, New Mexico, artesian basin. Isotope determination for tritium, deuterium, and oxygen- 18 were made as a function of time and space. Observation well levels, spring- flow, and precipitation were analyzed by stochas- tic/numerical approaches. Also, a hydrogeologic survey was made of representative springs in the recharge zone on the basin western flank. An updated listing of tritium activity in precipitation, springs, surface runoff, and subsurface water from over 120 sampling sites in the basin covers 117 pages of the report, and supersedes and continues that reported earlier by the same investigators.

Detailed interpretation of the tritium data, while remaining to be done, is expected to yield answers to questions on the effect of basin pumpage on deeper (older) water leakage, on the residence time of groundwater in the southern (Artesia) part of the basin, and on the role of the structure zones in recharge to the Principal Aquifer. The accumulat- ed evidence indicated that the contribution of the Principal Intake Area to the basin recharge was overestimated in the past. Substantial deep leakage contributions from the basin western flank must be included to account for the basin groundwater budget. (Zielinski-IPA) W8 1-00078

LINEAR SYSTEM MODELS FOR REGIONAL AQUIFER EVALUATION STUDIES,

Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas, Inc., New York.

C. T. Bathala, A. R Rao, and J. A. Spooner. Water Resources Research, Vol 16, No 2, p 409- 422, April 1980. 11 Fig, 9 Tab. 17 Ref OWRT-C- 3277(No 3713X16) and C-6106(No 5213)(13).

Descriptors: 'Aquifer characteristics, 'Mathemat- ical models, 'Groundwater movement, Hydraulic properties, Model studies, Equations, Storage coef- ficient. Transmissivity, Surface-groundwater rela- tionships, Pumping, Drawdown, Water levels. Water wells. Well spacing, 'Linear systems. Aquifer-stream systems. Regional aquifer systems. Sensitivity analysis.

A generalized linear system model was formulated to analyze several types of groundwater flow prob- lems. An iterative procedure was developed to predict aquifer response due to pumping demand by considering the analytical relationships govern- ing the groundwater flow. Historical pumping rates, groundwater levels, stream stages, and esti- mated storage coefficients were used as inputs to the model. The model outputs were the aquifer transmissivities and the predicted groundwater levels. The sensitivity of the model to variations in the estimated storage coefficients was investigated. The technique was illustrated by considering a realistic but hypothetical regional aquifer system, and the results were demonstrated to be satisfac- tory. The technique is insensitive even to large errors in the estimated storage coefficients. The number of simultaneous equations to be solved and hence the computational time required are much smaller than those encountered un the convention- al numerical models of aquifer systems. Aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficient values are computed as a part of this procedure, therefore, expensive pumping tests that are usually required to estimate these aquifer parameters are not neces- sary in this technique. (Visocky-ISWS) W81-00105

POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE OF FLORIDAN AQUIFER, SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT AND ADJACENT AREAS, MAY 1979,

Geological Survey, Tampa, FL. Water Resources

Div.

R. M. Wolansky, L. R. Mills. W. M. Woodham.

and C. P. Laughlin.

Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1255,

1979. 1 Sheet.

Descriptors: 'Maps, 'Aquifers, 'Water levels, 'Potentiometric level, 'Florida, Water wells. Water utilization, Irrigation, Water level fluctu- ations, 'Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water

Management.

A May 1979 potentiometric-surface map depicts the annual low water-level period. Potentiometric levels declined 4 to 21 feet between September 1978 and May 1979. in the citrus and farming sections of southern Hillsborough, northern Hardee, southwestern Polk, northwestern DeSoto. and Manatee Counties. Water levels in these areas are widely affected by pumping for irrigation and have the